The Visionary Biotechnologist

Hailu Weldekiros Hailu

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Biotechnology
What is Biotechnology? – Definition

“Biotechnology is technique that uses or exploits living organisms, or components of organisms, to manufacture or modify products, to develop microorganisms for specific beneficial uses or to improve plants or animals so that they become more useful to the human being.”

Introduction to Biotechnology or

Meaning of Biotechnology

Biotechnology = bios (life) + teuchos (tool) + logos (study of)

In simplest way, biotech is a fusion of biology and technology. It applies engineering and scientific principles for many purposes, some of which we have mentioned in the definition of biotechnology.

It is very hard to bind this biology and technology combination in one simple definition. Biotechnology meaning deserves a get brief explanation with guideline of a range of different biotech techniques. Many of such techniques could be read along with their explanation on the page Tools and Techniques of biotechnology. Introduction to biotechnology will not be complete unless we go through these techniques, as it is a simply a collection of technologies.

For more information on the topic visit to various links provided in the section. Like Branches of Biotechnology gives information about the main branches of biotech. Application of biotechnology enlists major application areas of biotech and provides brief information on many of them.

Agricultural Biotechnology

A basic objective of any plant breeding program is to develop superior crop variety with desired characteristics like disease resistance, pest resistance, high nutritive value, easy to harvest, high oil percentage, good milling and baking qualities, high productivity etc.

Heredity of such desired characteristics can be improved by breeding.

Technologies used for heredity improvement are

The later two non-conventional plant breeding techniques are termed as plant biotechnology or plant genetics.

Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture
  • Improving crop yield
  • Decreasing requirement for crop inputs like water, fertilizer etc.
  • Pest resistance incorporation
  • Herbicide tolerance incorporation
  • Tolerance to environmental stresses like drought, acidic or salty soil conditions, cold, heat etc.
  • Improving productivity
  • To improve nutritional value
  • To improve shelf life
Genetic Engineering
What is Genetic Engineering? – Definition

Recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering is a technique that alters genes or gene combinations in living organisms by cutting apart and splicing together different pieces of DNA. This results in organism with a new genotype, a genetically modified organism (GMO).

Basics or Basic Idea of Genetic Engineering

Basic idea behind genetic engineering is just to isolate or take out the gene of interest from source DNA and insertion of this cut piece into target DNA, to achieve desired function.

Steps in Genetic Engineering

Basic steps in genetic engineering are as listed below

  • Search, look for – gene of interest
  • Isolation of – source DNA and vector DNA
  • Cutting of – source DNA into small pieces, with restriction enzymes
  • Cutting of – host DNA again with restriction enzymes
  • Splicing together – host DNA and source DNA piece with enzyme DNA ligase
  • Selection of – vector
  • Insertion of – ligated DNA into a host cell with the use of vector
  • Testing to – identify and isolate GMO
Genetic engineering Techniques

Genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology involves many techniques, basically to cut apart and splice together, to multiply or to insert the gene of interest. Genetic engineering techniques are primarily used for highly sophisticated manipulations of heredity material and some other biologically important chemicals.

Here we have listed some of these techniques with their main purpose or function. These techniques can also be referred as tools or methods of genetic engineering.


Biotech – Tools,Techniques

Before going for tools, techniques or methods of biotechnology we should know technologies associated with, as biotechnology is a collection of such technologies. Some of them are listed below.

  • Genetic engineering or Recombinant DNA Technology ( For techniques used visit Genetic engineering techniques)
  • Cell, Tissue, organ culture
  • Bio-nanotechnology (Microarrays)
  • Protein engineering
  • Genomics
  • Proteomics
  • Monoclonal antibodies
  • Bio-processing
  • Cloning
    • At molecular level – molecular cloning
    • At cellular level – cellular cloning
    • Animal cloning
  • Bioinformatics
These all technologies use various tools and techniques to serve their main objective. Such tools and techniques used can also be referred as methods of biotechnology. The techniques related to these technologies are explained on the respective page.
Source:- http://theagricos.com/biotechnology/
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 Branches of Biotechnology
  Agricultural Biotechnology (Green Biotechnology)
        It is applied to agricultural processes like production of insect, pest and disease resistant crop varieties (transgenic crop plants), disease resistant animals.
 Pharmaceutical and medical biotechnology
 (Red Biotechnology)
   This one is applied to medical processes. Some of them are listed below
  • Use of organisms for the production of drugs or antibiotics
  • Use of stem cells for damage tissue cure or sometimes to grow entire organ by the process of regeneration. This is referred as stem cell therapy
  • To develop new tests to diagnose, to confirm or to predict certain diseases
  • Gene therapy
 Industrial biotechnology (White Biotechnology)
It is applied to industrial processes. Organisms are modified / designed and used for various purposes. Some of them are listed below.
  • Production of new chemicals
  • Production of plastic substitutes (biopolymers)
  • Development of new kinds of vehicle fuels
  • Fibers for clothing
  • alternative energy (or "bioenergy"), and biomaterials
  • practice of using cells or components of cells like enzymes to generate industrially useful products
Marine Biotechnoloy (Blue Biotechnology)
         It includes processes in aquatic environments, like to control unwanted growth of noxious water-borne organisms, to protect aquatic members from some of the diseases by increasing their resistance to the respective disease. Application of blue biotechnology is relatively rare.
Bioinformatics

It is a fantastic union of computer and biotechnology. Bioinformatics assists in rapid organization and analysis of biological and genetic data. It is applied in various areas, like :-

  • functional genomics
  • structural genomics and proteomics
  • for various purposes like drug and molecular medicine development
  • gene therapy
  • creation of bio-weapons
  • improvement in crop plants for nutritional quality, resistance to disease, pest, drought etc.
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